New Disease Reports (2010) 22, 19. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2010.022.019]
Get pdf (592 KB)

Dieback and mortality of plantation Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) associated with infection by Phytophthora ramorum

J.F. Webber*, M. Mullett and C.M. Brasier

*joan.webber@forestry.gsi.gov.uk

Show affiliations

Received: 09 Jul 2010; Published: 21 Sep 2010

Keywords: invasive, conifer, sporangia

The invasive pathogen Phytophthora ramorum is the cause of 'sudden oak death', a dieback and mortality of more than one million live-oak and tanoak trees along 1500 km of near-coastal native forest in California and Oregon since 1995 (Rizzo et al., 2002; Frankel, 2008). P. ramorum has also spread across Europe , mainly within the ornamental nursery trade. From 2003 onwards it was found infecting rhododendron and woodland trees outside nurseries in Britain (Brasier et al., 2004) and has recently spread to native Vaccinium swards (P. Beales, personal communication). Until now, tree infections in Britain have been comparatively few (<100), mostly foliage or stems of Fagaceae (Fagus, Nothofagus, Quercus and Castanea) in the vicinity of infected Rhododendron in south west England (Webber, 2008). In August 2009 extensive dieback and mortality was observed in mature (25-30 m tall) and juvenile plantation Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi, at multiple sites in south west England (Figs. 1, 2). Symptoms included black or purple discoloured needles (Fig. 3), aborted bud flush, wilting and senescence of dwarf shoots and needle loss. Affected trees often had copious resin bleeding on the trunk, branches and side shoots plus dieback of branches and sometimes of the entire crown. Phloem lesions were often present under resinous outer bark. These usually had deep pink to maroon-red margins, older lesion areas being rusty-brown to cinnamon brown.

When symptom-bearing needles were surface-sterilised in 70% ethanol for 30 seconds or small pieces of older phloem lesion were plated onto Phytophthora selective medium (Brasier et al., 2005), P. ramorum was obtained from 25-40% of the samples. Identity was confirmed by sequencing of ITS rDNA regions (GenBank Accession No. HQ010359). P. ramorum was not obtained from the pink-maroon lesion margins. Pathogenicity of a P. ramorum isolate from L. kaempferi was tested by dipping 15 cm long L. kaempferi shoots into a zoospore suspension and damp chamber incubating for 12h light/12h dark cycle at 18°C. On half the shoots all needles were wounded by tip cutting. After seven days each needle was categorised as blackened, browned/brown bands, chlorotic or green, surface sterilised and plated onto selective medium. Both unwounded and wounded blackened needles yielded P. ramorum at high frequency (Table 1). When needles were mounted in lactic acid cotton blue and viewed 24 h later, sporangia and occasionally chlamydospores were observed on the surfaces with an exceptional 2685 sporangia counted on one unwounded needle (Fig. 4).

P. ramorum has so far been isolated from L. kaempferi at 68 currently known plantations where symptoms are present in southwest England . In May 2010 larch plantations with similar symptoms were discovered in south Wales and P. ramorum has again been isolated at multiple sites. Overall an estimated 2400 ha or c. 0.6 million mature larch have been affected to date. A large area of juvenile larch is also affected. This is the first widespread and lethal damage caused by P. ramorum to a conifer and the first to a commercial plantation tree. Adjacent to some affected larch sites in southwest England , secondary infection of Fagus sylvatica, Nothofagus obliqua, Castanea sativa, Betula pendula, Rhododendron ponticum, Tsuga heterophylla and Pseudotsuga menziesii is also occurring, apparently as result of the high levels of P. ramorum inoculum produced from larch foliage.  

Figure1+
Figure 1: Damage across a block of mature L. kaempferi, Somerset, April 2010
Figure 1: Damage across a block of mature L. kaempferi, Somerset, April 2010
Figure2+
Figure 2: Crown dieback and mortality of mature L. kaempferi, Cornwall, September 2009
Figure 2: Crown dieback and mortality of mature L. kaempferi, Cornwall, September 2009
Figure3+
Figure 3: Purple to black lesions on naturally infected needles, Cornwall, September 2009
Figure 3: Purple to black lesions on naturally infected needles, Cornwall, September 2009
Figure4+
Figure 4: Sward of sporangia on the surface of a young needle of L. kaempferi seven days after dipping in a suspension of P. ramorum zoospores
Figure 4: Sward of sporangia on the surface of a young needle of L. kaempferi seven days after dipping in a suspension of P. ramorum zoospores
Figure5+

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Ben Jones, Barnaby Wilder, Tony Reeves and Alan Ockenden for assistance with surveys and collection of samples at affected stands.


References

  1. Brasier CM, Beales PA, Kirk SA, Denman S, Rose J, (2005). Phytophthora kernoviae sp. nov., an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on forest trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in Britain . Mycological Research 109, 853-859. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756205003357]
  2. Brasier CM, Denman S, Brown A, Webber JF, 2004. Sudden oak death discovered on trees in Europe . Mycological Research 108, 1108-1110. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204221244]
  3. Davidson JMS, Werres S, Garbelotto M, Hansen EM, Rizzo DM, 2003. Sudden oak death and associated diseases caused by Phytophthora ramorum. Plant Health Progress [http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/php/shared/sod/]. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2003-0707-01-DG]
  4. Frankel SJ, 2008. Sudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum in the USA : A management challenge. Australasian Plant Pathology 37, 19-25. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AP07088]
  5. Rizzo DM, Garbelotto M, Davidson JM, Slaughter GW, Koike ST , 2002. Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California . Plant Disease 86, 205-214. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.205]
  6. Webber JF, 2008. Status of Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae in Europe . In: Frankel SJ, Kliejunas JT, Palmieri KM, eds. Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-214. Albany, CA, USA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service.

To cite this report: Webber JF, Mullett M, Brasier CM, 2010. Dieback and mortality of plantation Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) associated with infection by Phytophthora ramorum. New Disease Reports 22, 19. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2010.022.019]

©2010 The Authors